Over the Lower Frazer Valley on the Canadian coast (higher latitude), Steyn and Faulkner (1986) pointed out that maximum number of days of sea breeze were observed in August and minimum in December/January.
(2002) observed that sea breezes are more frequent between May and August, and Michael (2003) showed that sea breezes appear most often from spring to autumn. In their study over Sardinia (middle-latitude), Furberg et al. (2003) indicated that sea breezes occur most often in spring and summer because of the existence of a temperature gradient between the land and the sea. (1991) and Bajamgnigni and Steyn (2012) indicated the influence of prevailing large-scale flow on the structure and evolution of sea breezes associated with the direction (offshore, parallel, and onshore) and strength of a synoptic flow. Research studies of Frizzola and Fisher (1963), Wexler (1946), Pielke (1974), Bechtold et al. Johns Newfoundland ( Banfield, 1991), Northern Adriatic ( Maja, 2003), Arabian Gulf region ( Eager et al., 2008), Sardinia ( Furberg et al., 2002), and Alicante ( Azorin-Molina et al., 2009), among others, have shown that sea breezes can induce thunderstorms, bring moisture to clouds, soften oppressive hot weather, and lead to improved or degraded air quality in the coastal area. ( Steyn and Faulkner, 1986), West Coast of Sweden ( Gustavsson et al., 1995 Borne et al., 1998), St. Climatological studies of sea breezes in several coastal regions of the world, for instance, over tLower Fraser Valley, B.C.
Numerous studies have been reported on land and sea breezes in respect of air quality through pollutant transport and dispersion ( Lu and Turco, 1994), initiation of convective thunderstorms ( Simpson, 1995), forecasting of forest fires ( Rao and Fuelberg, 2000), and aviation safety ( Cooper et al., 1998). It determines weather and air quality conditions and affects the living conditions of humans in many ways in coastal regions. It develops along coastal regions when the temperature difference between two adjacent surfaces is large enough and the geostrophic wind is weak. This phenomenon in the coastal regions of Cameroon can be the main factor controlling the transport of accidental near shore oil slicks and air pollutants.Ī sea breeze is a mesoscale meteorological phenomenon based on the thermal contrasts between the land and the sea. Therefore, the circulation of the sea breeze is influenced by local factors (topography and vegetation). A wind roses analysis at Ebodje shows a high temporal variability of sea breeze frequencies at 09:00 (Local Standard Time: LST) in the south direction (36%), then at 15:00 LST in the west direction (26%), because of the preponderance of calm atmospheric situations conducive to its onset. There would be a significant seasonal effect of large-scale flows on sea breeze hodograph patterns. Average daily hodographs for Tiko reveals that the sea breeze circulation is in both clockwise and anticlockwise rotation. The sea breeze strength is greater at Tiko than that at Ebodje during the West African monsoon season. The sea breeze occurrence is found to be strongly influenced by the West African monsoon winds, and its onset and cessation times show a pronounced seasonal variation. The results show that a sea breeze usually starts few hours (about 3–4 h) after the sunrise as a light onshore surface wind, has a mean duration of about 9 h at Tiko, and occurs during all seasons at both coastal areas. The frequency of occurrence clearly shows two regimes by two maxima (November and March) at Tiko and (January and July) at Ebodje. Statistics are presented that describe the occurrence, onset and cessation, and strength of the sea breezes. The study used 3-hourly wind (speed and direction), rainfall, and atmospheric pressure data of 4 years (2006–2009) at Tiko and 5 years (2011–2015) at Ebodje to examine various characteristics of sea breezes. The sea breeze characteristics of over two coastal areas of Cameroon were studied.
3Association of Professionals in Coastal and Aquatics Management-APCAM, Yaoundé, Cameroon.2International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications (ICMPA–UNESCO Chair), Cotonou, Benin.1Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change-Rede CLIMA, São José dos Campos, Brazil.Fabius Cédric Kouogang Tchuenkam 1,2,3*, Anselme Crépin Mama 3,4, Salvanus Yevalla Gah-Muti 3,4 and Moacyr Araujo 1,5
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